0:41 ±×¸®½º öÇÐÀÚÀÎ ¾Æ¸£Å°¸Þµ¥½º´ÂÁ¦´ë·Î µÈ Áö·¿´ë¸¸ ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼¼»óÀ» ¿òÁ÷ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Çß½À´Ï´Ù.±ØÇÑ ºó°ï¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾µ ¼¼ °¡Áö °·ÂÇÑ Áö·¿´ë°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ °¿¬Àº ±× Áö·¿´ë À̾߱âÀÌ°í¾î¶»°Ô ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ºó°ïÀ» À̱â°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ´Â °¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Ì´Ï´Ù. Archimedes was an ancient Greek thinker,and he taught us that if we lean on the right levers,we can move the world.In the fight against extreme poverty, I believe there are three powerful leversthat we can lean on.This talk is all about those levers, and why they make povertya winnable fight in our lifetimes.
0:58 ±ØÇÑ ºó°ïÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀϱî¿ä?Á¦°¡ óÀ½ µ¿¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±³¿ÜÁö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÀÌ»çÇßÀ» ¶§ÇÑ ³óÀå °¡Á·°ú ÇÏ·í¹ãÀ» º¸³Â½À´Ï´Ù.¸ÚÁø ºÐµéÀ̾úÁÒ.±× ºÐµéÀº Àú¸¦ ÁýÀ¸·Î ÃÊ´ëÇß°í ÇÔ²² ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÒ·¶À¸¸ç°£´ÜÇÑ Àú³áÀ» ¸Ô¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.Á¦°¡ ¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼ ÀÚµµ·Ï À̺ÒÀ» Áá½À´Ï´Ù.ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ÆħÀÌ µÇÀÚ ¸ÔÀ» °Ô ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.Á¡½É ¶§´Â Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¿ï··°Å¸®´Â ´À³¦À» °®°í±× ÁýÀÇ Å« µþÀÌ Á¡½ÉÀ¸·Î Á×À» ²úÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» ºÃ½À´Ï´Ù.±× ½Ä»ç·Î ¸ðµç ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ »ì±â À§ÇØ ÇÑ ÄÅÀ» ¸¶½Ê´Ï´Ù.Á¦°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ºÎ²ô·¯¿ü´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¨´Ï´Ù.Á¦°Ô ÇÑ ÄÅÀ» ÁÖ¼ÌÀ» ¶§¿ä.Àú´Â ±× È£ÀǸ¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. What is extreme poverty?When I first moved to rural East Africa,I stayed overnight with a farm family.They were wonderful people.They invited me into their home. We sang songs togetherand ate a simple dinner.They gave me a blanket to sleep on the floor.In the morning, however, there was nothing to eat.And then at lunchtime, I watched with an increasingly sick feelingas the eldest girl in the family cooked porridge as a substitute for lunch.For that meal, every child drank one cup to survive.And I cannot tell you how ashamed I feltwhen they handed one of those cups to me,and I knew I had to accept their hospitality.
1:37 ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº »ì±â À§Çؼ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ö°ú ¸¶À½ÀÌ ÀÚ¶ó·Á¸é À½½ÄÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ¸ÅÀÏ ¸ÔÁö ¸øÇؼ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ Á¶±Ý¾¿ ÀÒ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ·± ±ØÇÑ °¡³ ¼Ó¿¡¼¾ÆÀÌµé ¼¼¸í Áß ÇÑ ¸íÀº ¸ÔÁö ¸øÇؼ ¿µ±¸Àû ¹ßÀ°Á¤Áö°¡ µË´Ï´Ù.°Å±â´Ù º¸°Ç ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇϸé±Øºó ¾Æµ¿ 10¸í Áß ÇÑ ¸íÀº 5¼¼ ÀÌÀü¿¡ »ç¸ÁÇÕ´Ï´Ù.1/4ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵鸸 °íµîÇб³¸¦ ¸¶Ä¨´Ï´Ù.µî·Ï±ÝÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌÁÒ.¹è°íÇÄ°ú ±ØµµÀÇ ºó°ï ¶§¹®¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¸·Èü´Ï´Ù.¿ì¸®´Â ½º½º·Î¸¦ »ç°íÇÏ°í, °¨Á¤ÀÖ´Â µµ´öÀûÀÎ Àΰ£À̶ó°í º¸Áö¸¸´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ Àü±îÁö´Â±×·± ±âÁØ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ Áö±¸»óÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ Áß¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ ¾ÆÀ̵µ Áß¿äÇÏ°íÀÌ ¾ÆÀ̵鵵 Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ ¼Ò³àµµ Áß¿äÇÏÁö¿ä. Children need food not only to survive but also to grow physically and mentally.Every day they fail to eat, they lose a little bit of their future.Amongst the extreme poor, one in three childrenare permanently stunted from a lifetime of not eating enough.When that's combined with poor access to health care,one in 10 extremely poor children die before they reach age five.And only one quarter of children complete high schoolbecause they lack school fees.Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in every possible way.We see ourselves as a thinking, feeling and moral human race,but until we solve these problems for all of our members,we fail that standard,because every person on this planet matters.This child matters.These children matter.This girl matters.
4:39 ÇÑ °¡Áö ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.¸¹Àº ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ³óºÎµéÀÌ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ µµ±¸¿Í Áö½ÄÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù.ÇöÀç ±×µéÀº Áö³ ÇØ¿¡ ÀúÀåÇÑ °î½ÄÀ» Á¶±Ý °¡Á®´Ù°¡¹ç¿¡ ½É¾î È£¹Ì·Î °æÀÛÇÕ´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ°ÍÀº ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ëÀÇ µµ±¸¿Í ±â¼úÀÌÁÒ.±×·¡¼ ¸¹Àº ³óºÎµéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ °¡³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. There's just one problem:many smallholder farmers lack access to basic tools and knowledge.Currently, they take a little bit of saved food grain from the prior year,they plant it in the ground and they till it with a manual hand hoe.These are tools and techniques that date to the Bronze Age,and it's why many farmers are still very poor.
4:59 ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÁÁÀº ¼Ò½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.Áö·¿´ë 2¹ø.Àηù´Â ÇÑ ¼¼±â Àü¿¡ ³ó¾÷ ºó°ï ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇß½À´Ï´Ù.³ó¾÷ÀÇ ±âº» ¿ä¼Ò ¼¼ °¡Áö¸¦ °£´ÜÈ÷ ¾Ë·Á µå¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.ù°, µÎ ¾¾¾ÑÀ» È¥ÇÕÇÏ¸é ±³¹èÁ¾ÀÚ°¡ µË´Ï´Ù.ÀÚ¿¬»óÅ¿¡¼ °í¼öÈ® Á¾ÀÚ¿Í°¡¹³¿¡ °ßµð´Â Á¾ÀÚ¸¦ ¼öºÐÇϸéµÎ °¡Áö Ư¡À» ´Ù °®´Â ÁÁÀº ±³¹èÁ¾ÀÚ¸¦ ¾ò½À´Ï´Ù.´ÙÀ½Àº, ÀüÅëÀû Åðºñ·ÎÀß »ç¿ëÇϸé ȯ°æ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÔ´Ï´Ù.Á¦ Å°º¸´Ù Å« ½Ä¹°¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ Á¶±Ý¸¸ Åðºñ¸¦ Á൵¾öû³ ¼öÈ®·®À» ¾ò½À´Ï´Ù.³ó»ç ÅõÀÔÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ Àִµ¥¿ä.³ó»ç ÅõÀÔÀº ÁÁÀº ½ÇÇàÀÌ µû¶óÁà¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.¾öû³ °Å¸§°ú ÇÔ²² ¾¾¾Ñ°ú ½Ä¹°À» °°ÀÌ ½ÉÀ¸¸é³óºÎµéÀº ¼öÈ®·®À» ¸î¹è·Î ¾ò½À´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ËÁõµÈ µµ±¸¿Í ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î¼¼°è ¸ðµç ÁÖ¿ä Áö¿ªÀÇ ³ó¾÷ »ý»ê·®À» ¼¼ ¹è ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ¿Ã·Á¼¼ö ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºó°ï¿¡¼ Å»Ãâ½ÃÄ×½À´Ï´Ù.¾ÆÁ÷ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ´Ù ÀüÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇß½À´Ï´Ù.ƯÈ÷ »çÇ϶ó À̳² ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¿ä. But good news, again.Lever number two:humanity actually solved the problem of agricultural poverty a century ago.Let me walk you through the three most basic factors in farming.First, hybrid seed is created when you cross two seeds together.If you naturally pollinate a high-yielding varietytogether with a drought-resistant variety,you get a hybrid that inherits positive traits from both of its parents.Next, conventional fertilizer, if used responsibly,is environmentally sustainable.If you micro-dose just a pinch of fertilizerto a plant that's taller than I am,you unlock enormous yield gain.These are known as farm inputs.Farm inputs need to be combined with good practice.When you space your seeds and plant with massive amounts of compost,farmers multiply their harvests.These proven tools and practices have more than tripledagricultural productivity in every major region of the world,moving mass numbers of people out of poverty.We just haven't finished delivering these things to everybody just yet,particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.
6:37 ÀÌÁ¦ ¼¼ °¡Áö Áö·¿´ë°¡ ÀÖ°í°¡Àå °·ÂÇÑ Áö·¿´ë´Â ±×Àú ¹è´ÞÇÏ´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù.¼¼°è ±â¾÷, Á¤ºÎ, ºñ¿µ¸® ´Üü°¡»îÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â »óÇ° À¯Åë¸ÁÀ» ¸¸µç °÷¸¶´Ùºó°ïÀ» ÅðÄ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. So these are the three levers,and the most powerful lever is simply delivery.Wherever the world's companies, governments and nonprofitsset up delivery networks for life-improving goods,we eliminate poverty.
8:22 ÀÌ ÀÏÀÇ ºñ°áÀº °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹è´ÞÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¾î¶² Áö¿ªÀ̵ç ÀúÈñ´Â Áö¿ª¹ÎÀ» ´ã´çÀÚ·Î °í¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù.±×´Â Æò±Õ 200¸íÀÇ ³óºÎ¿¡°Ô ¼ºñ½º¸¦ ¹è´ÞÇÏ°í±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â õ ¸íÀÌ»óÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.ÇöÀç ÀúÈñ´Â 2õ ¸íÀÇ Áö¿ª ´ã´çÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ°í¸Å¿ì ºü¸£°Ô ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸® ¹è´Þ ºÎ´ëÀÔ´Ï´Ù.ÀúÈñ´Â ±×Àú ÇÑ ´ÜüÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¸¹Àº ȸ»ç, Á¤ºÎ¿Í ºñ¿µ¸® ´ÜüµéÀÌÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹è´Þ ºÎ´ë¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.Àú´Â ÇÔ²² ÁýÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô³ó»ç ¼ºñ½º¸¦ ÇØ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¶§¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¾´Ï´Ù. The key to doing this is scalable delivery.In any given area, we hire a rural field officerwho delivers our services to 200 farmers, on average,with more than 1,000 people living in those families.Today, we have 2,000 of these rural field officersgrowing very quickly.This is our delivery army,and we're just one organization.There are many companies, governments and nonprofitsthat have delivery armies just like this.And I believe we stand at a moment in timewhere collectively, we are capable of delivering farm services to all farmers.
9:47 Àú´Â ³ó»ç ±× ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î È®Àå½ÃÄÑ Á¤¸®ÇØ º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.Àΰ£ ¹ß´ÞÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼Àηù´Â ºó°ïÀ» ¾ø¾Ù È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¹Ì ¸¸µé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.±×°ÍÀ» Àü´ÞÇϱ⸸ ÇÏ¸é µË´Ï´Ù.´Ù½Ã ¸»¾¸ µå¸®¸é, Àΰ£ ¹ß´ÞÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼¸Å¿ì ¶È¶ÈÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡Àú·ÅÇÏ°í ¸Å¿ì È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.Àηù´Â °£´ÜÇÏ°í È¿°úÀûÀÎ ºó°ï ÇØ°áÃ¥À» ÀåÂøÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù.¿ì¸®´Â ±×Àú Á¤¸» ÀÛÀº Áö¿ª¿¡ Àü´ÞÇØ ÁÖ¸é µË´Ï´Ù.»çÇ϶ó À̳² ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ ¿¹·Î º» Áöµµ·ÎÁö¿ª ºó°ïÀÌ ÀÌ Çª¸¥ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÁýÁߵŠÀÖÀ½À» ±â¾ïÇϼ¼¿ä.µµ½Ã ºó°ïÀº ÀÌ ÀÛÀº ³ì»öÁ¡µé¿¡ ÈξÀ ´õ ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.´Ù½Ã ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Áöµµ¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·ÎÀÌ°ÍÀ» °íµµ ¹è´Þ °¡´ÉÁö¿ªÀ̶ó°í Àú´Â ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù.»ç½Ç Àηù ¿ª»ç»ó óÀ½À¸·Î¿ì¸®´Â ¾öû³ ¹è´Þ ±â¹Ý½Ã¼³ÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.¼¼°èÀÇ ±â¾÷µé, Á¤ºÎ¿Í ºñ¿µ¸® ´ÜüµéÀÌ ¹è´Þ ºÎ´ë°¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ÀÌ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛÀº Áö¿ªÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ °¨´çÇÒ ´É·ÂÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù.ÀÇÁö°¡ ºÎÁ·ÇÒ »ÓÀÌÁö¿ä. I'm going to wrap up by generalizing beyond just farming.In every field of human development,humanity has already invented effective tools to end poverty.We just need to deliver them.So again, in every area of human development,super-smart people a long time ago invented inexpensive,highly effective tools.Humanity is armed to the teethwith simple, effective solutions to poverty.We just need to deliver these to a pretty small area.Again using the map of Sub-Saharan Africa as an example,remember that rural poverty is concentrated in these blue shaded areas.Urban poverty is even more concentrated, in these green little dots.Again, using a map of the United States for scale,this is what I would call a highly achievable delivery zone.In fact, for the first time in human history,we have a vast amount of delivery infrastructure available to us.The world's companies, governments and non-profitshave delivery armies that are fully capableof covering this relatively small area.We just lack the will.