2:05 ´ë´ëÀûÀÎ Á¶»ç¸¦ ½Ç½ÃÇß°í±×µéÀÇ ÀǽÉÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô·Î ÇâÇß½À´Ï´Ù.¹Ù·Î ¾ËÇÁ·¹µå µå·¹Ç¶½ºÀÔ´Ï´Ù.±×´Â ¹ÏÀ»¸¸ÇÑ ±â·ÏÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.¾î¶² ¹üÁ˱â·Ïµµ ¾ø°í ±×µéÀÌ ¾Æ´ÂÇÑ µ¿±âµµ ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.ÇÏÁö¸¸ µå·¹Ç¶½º´Â Àå±³µé Áß À¯ÀÏÇÑ À¯´ëÀÎÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù.ºÒÇàÈ÷µµ ÀÌ´ç½Ã ÇÁ¶û½º ±º´ë´Â ¹ÝÀ¯´ëÁÖÀÇ°¡ ¸¸¿¬ÇØ ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.±×µéÀº µå·¹Ç¶½ºÀÇ ÇÊÀû°ú Á¾ÀÌÀÇ ÇÊÀûÀ» ºñ±³Çß°í¶È°°´Ù°í °á·ÐÀ» ³»·È½À´Ï´Ù.¿ÜºÎ ÇÊÀûÀü¹®°¡°¡À¯»ç¼º¿¡ ÀDZ¸½ÉÀ» °¡Á³Áö¸¸»ó°ü¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.±×µéÀº µå·¹Ç¶½ºÀÇ ¾ÆÆÄÆ®·Î °¡¼ ¼ö»öÀ» Çß°í°£Ã¸ÇàÀ§ÀÇ Áõ°Å¸¦ ãÀ¸·Á°í Çß½À´Ï´Ù.±×ÀÇ ¼·ùµéÀ» µÚÁ®ºÃÁö¸¸ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ãÁö ¸øÇß½À´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ Á¡Àº ±×µéÀ» ´õ¿í È®½Å½ÃÄ×½À´Ï´Ù. µå·¹Ç¶½º°¡ À¯ÁËÀÏ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó±×µéÀÌ ¿À±â Àü¿¡ ¸ðµç Áõ°Å¸¦ ¿Ïº®È÷ °¨Ãâ Á¤µµ·Î±³È°Çϱâ±îÁö ÇÏ´Ù°í¿ä. So they launched a big investigation,and their suspicions quickly converged on this man,Alfred Dreyfus.He had a sterling record,no past history of wrongdoing, no motive as far as they could tell.But Dreyfus was the only Jewish officer at that rank in the army,and unfortunately at this time, the French Army was highly anti-Semitic.They compared Dreyfus's handwriting to that on the memoand concluded that it was a match,even though outside professional handwriting expertswere much less confident in the similarity,but never mind that.They went and searched Dreyfus's apartment,looking for any signs of espionage.They went through his files, and they didn't find anything.This just convinced them more that Dreyfus was not only guilty,but sneaky as well, because clearly he had hidden all of the evidencebefore they had managed to get to it.
4:35 ÀÌ°ÍÀ» °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº 'ÀǵµÀû ÇÕ¸®È'¶ó°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.¹«Àǽļӿ¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿±â¿Í ¹Ù·¥, µÎ·Á¿òÀ̿츮°¡ Á¤º¸¸¦ ó¸®Çϴ¹æ½ÄÀ» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù.¾î¶² Á¤º¸¿Í ¾î¶² »ý°¢Àº ¿ì¸® Æíó·³ ´À³§´Ï´Ù.¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÌ À̱â±æ ¹Ù¶ó°í º¸È£ÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÕ´Ï´Ù.ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ Á¤º¸³ª ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î´Â ¸ðµÎ ÀûÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù.¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀ» ½÷¼ ¾²·¯¶ß¸®°í ½Í¾îÇÏÁÒ±×·¡¼ Á¦°¡ ÀǵµÀû ÇÕ¸®È¸¦ ±ºÀÎÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. Well, this is a case of what scientists call "motivated reasoning."It's this phenomenon in which our unconscious motivations,our desires and fears,shape the way we interpret information.Some information, some ideas, feel like our allies.We want them to win. We want to defend them.And other information or ideas are the enemy,and we want to shoot them down.So this is why I call motivated reasoning, "soldier mindset."
5:55 ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÀº ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î¿ì¸®°¡ À̱â°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´Â ÆíÀ¸·Î ±â¿ó´Ï´Ù.´Ù¸¥ ¿¹´Â ¾îµð¼µç ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ °Ç°°ú, Àΰ£ °ü°è¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ´ÂÁö¾î¶»°Ô ÅõÇ¥ÇÒÁö °áÁ¤ÇÏ°í¹«¾ùÀÌ °øÁ¤ÇÏ°í µµ´öÀûÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» Çü¼ºÇÕ´Ï´Ù.ÀÌ ÀǵµÀû ÇÕ¸®È ¶Ç´Â±ºÀλóÅ°¡ ¹«¼¿î °ÇÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϾٴ °Ì´Ï´Ù.¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ °´°üÀûÀÌ°í °øÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸Á˾ø´Â ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀλýÀ» Æı«ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Our judgment is strongly influenced, unconsciously,by which side we want to win.And this is ubiquitous.This shapes how we think about our health, our relationships,how we decide how to vote,what we consider fair or ethical.What's most scary to me about motivated reasoningor soldier mindset,is how unconscious it is.We can think we're being objective and fair-mindedand still wind up ruining the life of an innocent man.
8:06 µû¶ó¼ Àú¿¡°ÔÇÇÄ«Æ®´Â ¼ÒÀ§ Á¤Âûº´ Á¤½ÅÀÇ ÀüÇüÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.±×°ÍÀº Çϳª´Â ¸Â°í ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀº Ʋ¸®´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â°Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶óÁøÂ¥·Î Àú±â¿¡ ¹¹°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö º¸´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù.°¡´ÉÇÑ Á¤Á÷ÇÏ°í Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ôºñ·Ï ±×°ÍÀÌ ÈäÇÏ°í, ºÒÆíÇÏ°í Áñ°ÌÁö ¾Ê´õ¶ó°í ¸»ÀÌÁÒ.Àú´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ¸¶À½»óÅ¿¡ ¸Å·ÂÀ» ´À²¼½À´Ï´Ù.±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùÀÌ ½ºÄ«¿ìÆ® ¸¶À½»óŸ¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´ÂÁö ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ¾Ë¾Æ³»±â À§ÇØ¸î ³âÀ» º¸³Â½À´Ï´Ù.¿Ö °¡²û ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Æí°ß°ú ¼±ÀÔ°ß, µ¿±â¸¦ Â÷´ÜÇÏ°í°¡´ÉÇÑ °´°üÀûÀ¸·Î »ç½Ç°ú Áõ°Å¸¦ ã±âÀ§Çسë·ÂÇÏ´Â °ÍÀϱî¿ä? So to me,Picquart is a poster child for what I call "scout mindset."It's the drive not to make one idea win or another lose,but just to see what's really thereas honestly and accurately as you can,even if it's not pretty or convenient or pleasant.This mindset is what I'm personally passionate about.And I've spent the last few years examining and trying to figure outwhat causes scout mindset.Why are some people, sometimes at least,able to cut through their own prejudices and biases and motivationsand just try to see the facts and the evidenceas objectively as they can?
8:46 ±×¸®°í ´äÀº °¨Á¤ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.±ºÀÎÀÇ ÀǽÄÀº ¹æ¾î¿Í ºÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ°¨Á¤¿¡ »Ñ¸®¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.½ºÄ«¿ìÆ®ÀÇ Åµµ ¿ª½Ã´Ù¸¥ °¨Á¤¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÕ´Ï´Ù.°¡·É, ½ºÄ«¿ìÆ®´Â È£±â½ÉÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.±×µéÀº ¾Æ¸¶ »õ·Î¿î Á¤º¸¸¦ ¹è¿ì°Å³ªÆÛÁñÀ» Ç® ¶§ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ´À³¤´Ù°í ÇÒ °Ì´Ï´Ù.±×µéÀº ¿¹»ó°ú »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â ¹º°¡¸¦ ¸Â´Ú¶ß·ÈÀ» ¶§´õ¿í È£±â½ÉÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å³ °Ì´Ï´Ù.½ºÄ«¿ìÆ®´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½À» ½ÃÇèÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´õ °¡Ä¡ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ °Ì´Ï´Ù.±×¸®°í »ý°¢À» ¹Ù²Ù´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ª¾àÇÏ´Ù°í»ý°¢ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.¹«¾ùº¸´Ù, ½ºÄ«¿ìÆ®´Â Çö½ÇÀûÀÔ´Ï´Ù.±×µéÀÇ ÇÑ Àΰ£À¸·Î¼ÀÇ Àھƴ±׵éÀÌ ¾î¶² ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¿Ç°í ±×¸¥Áö¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù.±×µéÀÌ »çÇüÁ¦°¡ ¿Ç´Ù°í ¹Ï°í¿¬±¸µéÀº ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù°í ³ª¿Ã¶§ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.³»°¡ Ʋ¸± ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°Ç ³»°¡ ³ª»Ú°Å³ª, ¹Ùº¸¶ó´Â°Ç ¾Æ³Ä. And the answer is emotional.So, just as soldier mindset is rooted in emotionslike defensiveness or tribalism,scout mindset is, too.It's just rooted in different emotions.For example, scouts are curious.They're more likely to say they feel pleasurewhen they learn new informationor an itch to solve a puzzle.They're more likely to feel intrigued when they encounter somethingthat contradicts their expectations.Scouts also have different values.They're more likely to say they think it's virtuousto test your own beliefs,and they're less likely to say that someone who changes his mindseems weak.And above all, scouts are grounded,which means their self-worth as a personisn't tied to how right or wrong they are about any particular topic.So they can believe that capital punishment works.If studies come out showing that it doesn't, they can say,"Huh. Looks like I might be wrong. Doesn't mean I'm bad or stupid."
10:37 ´Ù¸¥ ¸»·Î Çϸé¿ì¸®°¡ °³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼ ´õ ÁÁÀº ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù¸éÇÑ »çȸ·Î¼µµ¿ä.¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Ç ³í¸®ÀûÀÎ ÁöħÀ̳ªÈ·ÁÇÑ ¼ö»ç, È®·ü ¶Ç´Â °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù.¹°·Ð ÀÌ·±°ÍµéÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇϱâ´Â ÇÏÁÒ.ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµ±¸¸¦ Àß ÀÌ¿ëÇϱâ À§ÇØ °¡Àå ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº,½ºÄ«¿ìÆ®ÀÇ ¸¶À½ ÀÚ¼¼ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ´À³¢´ÂÁö ¹Ù²Ü ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.¿ì¸®°¡ ¹º°¡ Ʋ·È´Ù´Â°É ¾Ë¾ÒÀ» ¶§ºÎ²ô·¯¿ö Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿ö ÇÏ´Â ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ö¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½°ú ´Ù¸¥ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¸¶ÁÖÇßÀ» ¶§¹æ¾îº¸´Ù´Â È£±â½ÉÀ» ´À³¥ÁÙ ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. In other words, I claim,if we really want to improve our judgment as individualsand as societies,what we need most is not more instruction in logicor rhetoric or probability or economics,even though those things are quite valuable.But what we most need to use those principles wellis scout mindset.We need to change the way we feel.We need to learn how to feel proud instead of ashamedwhen we notice we might have been wrong about something.We need to learn how to feel intrigued instead of defensivewhen we encounter some information that contradicts our beliefs.